FORM FOUR NECTA PAST PAPERS PAKUA HAPA BUREEEEEE!

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Form four past papers ziko hapa kwa masomo yote. http://maktaba.tetea.org/past-exams/csee/.
kama ikigoma ikopie kwenye browser then press okay.


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FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE CONTENT OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS.

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1. Purpose of the map, depends on the aim of the cartographer usually maps are selective and hence map reflect its purpose. 2.scale of the map, large scale imply small amount of content while small map imply large amount of content. 3. date of compilation, map drawn in different period they are likely to differ in terms of content. 4. nature of the land represented, maps of different places are likely to differ in terms of content. 5. nationality of the cartographer, map produced by the foreigner and indigenous are likely to be differ due to the familiarity. IMPORTANCE OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS 1. show direction to travelers. 2. maps shows boundaries of different countries. 3. they provide information on the nature and distribution of geographical phenomena. 4. they provide background information of different areas. 5. they provide basis for the study of geographical problems. LIMITATIONS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS 1. need knowledge on preparation. 2. maps are selective. 3. maps
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CARTOGRAPHY AND MAP PROJECTION

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CARTOGRAPHY, Cartography is an art or a science of designing a map to represent either the whole or any part of the earth s surface in scaled and conventional form. There are noticeable contrasts between maps and the whole or parts of the earth s surface represented as follow- - Map is flat, while the earth s surface or part of the earth s surface is not flat. Maps are much smaller in size, while the whole earth or a part of the earth represented is much larger in size With this the map makers use a cartographic technique to maintain the accuracy of the earth s shape and size on maps. The technique is known as map projection It is thus: the cartographic technique is associated with map projection. It is thus: the cartographic technique is associated with map projection as a sole means of maintaining accuracy of areas on maps.  >>>A person responsible in map making is called CARTOGRAPHER. MAP PROJECTION, The earth s surface can be wholly represented with reasonable
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MAP READING AND INTERPRETATION

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    According to the syllabus of 2010, the topic is referred as TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP INTERPRETATION. it has called so because it only involve interpreting maps which show only natural and man made features. 1. MEANING OF MAP. MAP, refers to the scaled diagram. this means that the thing that separate maps and other diagrams is the scale so other diagrams are not having a scale but for a map to be a map it must have a scale and scale is the relationship between map distance and ground distance for example 1cm on map represent 1km on the ground and we normally use scale because the size of the area to be drawn is large comparing to a piece of paper we use to draw a map. or sometimes map can be defined as. a representation of a part or whole earth drawn to scale on a flat sheet. examples of flat sheets are piece of paper, peace of cloth and sometimes on walls. 2.TYPES OF MAPS. basically there are two types of maps which are; a) topographical maps, where by these are maps which used
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